{"id":37,"date":"2017-09-13T23:45:51","date_gmt":"2017-09-14T03:45:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/binim.org\/?page_id=37"},"modified":"2017-11-10T22:45:53","modified_gmt":"2017-11-11T03:45:53","slug":"history","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/binim.org\/index.php\/history\/","title":{"rendered":"History"},"content":{"rendered":"

Belarusian (Bielarusian) history and linguistic development<\/h3>
    \n \t
  1. Bie\u0142arusian territories were a crossroad and subject of interest to many invaders throughout centuries. Despite that, the early (feudal) Bie\u0142arusian principalities were much more prosperous and culturally advanced than most of their Russian, Polish, and Lithuanian neighbours (the latter accepted Christianity only in the 14th century); the reader will find confirmation in the following on-line material. By the last third of the seventeenth century, Bie\u0142arusian history became very tragic compared to most of the European countries. This situation worsened by the end of the eighteenth century with Imperial Russia\u2019s three major partitions of the Bie\u0142arusian lands. Bie\u0142arusian history was reflected in the country\u2019s linguistic development (Please see part 2).\n
      \n \t
    1. History of Belarus (Great Litva)<\/a><\/li>\n \t
    2. Polacak (Polatsak)<\/a><\/li>\n \t
    3. Polacak (Polatsak) facts:<\/a><\/li>\n \t
    4. The Origins of the Great Duchy of Litva (Litvania; Lithuania)<\/a><\/li>\n \t
    5. Great Duchy of Litva (Litvania; Lithuania)<\/a><\/li>\n \t
    6. Vera Rich. \u201cBelarus: Nation in Search of a History, 1991 and all that\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n \t
    7. Belarus History<\/a><\/li>\n \t
    8. Belarus<\/a><\/li>\n \t
    9. History of Belarus\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
    10. \n
        \n \t
      1. Old Bie\u0142arusian was the state language of the Duchy (Principality) of Po\u0142acak (Polack; Polatsak; Polotsk, founded in 10th century), which together with other old Bie\u0142arusian principalities (for example, Navahrudak, founded in the11th century and Tura\u016d: first mentioned in 980), were integrated into the Grand Duchy of Litva; Lithuania (GDL) in the 13th and the very beginning of the 14th century. The earliest Bie\u0142arusian writer (renowned by all the Christians), is St. Cyril, the Bishop of Tura\u016d (Kiry\u0142a Tura\u016dski; 1130-1182), the most accomplished, prolific, genuine, imitated, and followed author of Orthodox theology until the appearance of the next genius of Bie\u0142arusian origin, Francysk (Franci\u0161ak) Skaryna (1490-1552). Dr. Skaryna was the Renaissance person: humanist, writer, translator, medical doctor, botanist, and one of the first book printers in Eastern Europe. Skaryna singlehandedly created literary Old Bie\u0142arusian language (based on vernacular of his native city of Po\u0142acak. The Old Bie\u0142arusian was the country\u2019s state language, where spiritual and secular literature became the most advanced in Europe by the 16th century. Bie\u0142arusian grammar book was published in 1596 (the first in East Slavic tradition).<\/li>\n \t
      2. Though Lublin\u2019s unification of the GDL and Kingdom of Poland in 1569 seconded Old Bie\u0142arusian language to Polish, major government documents (GDL\u2019s Metrics (archival documents):\u00a0Metrika\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0 and\u00a0Statutes (Civil Law) of Grand Duchy of Litva continued to be written in Bie\u0142arusian.<\/a><\/li>\n \t
      3. There were the following changes in the eighteenth century, noted by the academician Adam Maldzis: \u201cCompared to the Baroque, Bie\u0142arusian literature of Enlightenment had a strong multilingual character, and Bie\u0142arusian was no longer the dominant language in the 18th century. Though Polish acquired dominance in writing and performing, books in Old Slavonic, Latin, Hebrew, Yiddish, German, and French, and some handwritten manuscripts, often included Ukrainian, Lithuanian, and Tatar texts. After 1772, and particularly in the 1790s, the Russian language was popularized by the tsarist government of victorious Russia. Bie\u0142aru\u015b was a true literary Babylon in a rather small territory!\u201d (Adam Maldzis, \u201c\u0160lacheckaja kultura, Lecture 16, p. 3.\u201d)<\/li>\n \t
      4. Written Bie\u0142arusian was prohibited in 1864, and was resurrected only by the very end of the 19th century by a group of young intellectuals: enthusiasts for the native word.<\/li>\n \t
      5. A rich diversity of written native languages was first officially returned to the land by the Bie\u0142arusian People\u2019s Republic (BNR). One of its memorandums called for the following actions, proposed by the BNR\u2019s first president, Vacla\u016d Lasto\u016dski: \u201cAll the state documentation, including paper currency and stamps, are printed in the following state languages: Bie\u0142arusian, Yiddish, Polish, and Russian.\u201d For Yiddish that act was unprecedented in the two-thousand history of the Jewish Diaspora.<\/li>\n \t
      6. \u00a0 The Soviets copied this memorandum and accepted Bie\u0142arusian, Yiddish, Polish, and Russian as the state languages in their constitution of the 1919. They abandoned this clause in 1938. By that time even Bie\u0142arusian became a \u201csecond hand language\u201d in its own country. Unfortunately, the present Bie\u0142arusian government continues the same language politics by preferring Russian to the country\u2019s native Bie\u0142arusian.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
      7. Belarusian (Bie\u0142arusian) Language Links:\n
          \n \t
        1. Omniglot. Belarusian (\u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \/ Bielaruskaja mova)<\/a><\/li>\n \t
        2. Wikipedia. Belarusian language<\/a><\/li>\n \t
        3. A Belarus Miscellany<\/a><\/li>\n \t
        4. Belarusian Language<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
        5. Details of the Latin alphabet for Belarusian (source of much of the information on this page):\n
            \n \t
          1. http:\/\/www.cus.cam.ac.uk\/~np214\/lacin.htm<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
          2. Online Belarusian lessons\n
              \n \t
            1. http:\/\/www.radiobelarus.tvr.by\/en\/content\/belarusian-language-lesson<\/a>s<\/li>\n \t
            2. http:\/\/mylanguages.org\/learn_belarusian.php<\/a><\/li>\n \t
            3. http:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Belarusian<\/a><\/li>\n \t
            4. http:\/\/polymath.org\/belarusian.php<\/a><\/li>\n \t
            5. http:\/\/www.movananova.by\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
            6. Learn Belarusian with Glossika - Fluency is Confidence. Start speaking today!<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              Belarusian (Bielarusian) history and linguistic development Bie\u0142arusian territories were a crossroad and subject of interest to many invaders throughout centuries. Despite that, the early (feudal) Bie\u0142arusian principalities were much more…<\/p>\n

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